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dianaanderson junior college
Sunday, August 05, 2007
5:57 PM
1. Lookism
Lookism is discrimination against or prejudice towards others based on their appearance. The term is not in widespread use, though it appears in major English-language dictionaries.[1]
Lookism relates to preconceived notions of beauty and cultural stereotyping based on appearance as well as gender roles and expectations. Important economic considerations include the question of income gaps based on looks, as well increased or decreased productivity from workers considered beautiful or ugly by their co-workers.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gender_role
2. Ageism
Ageism is stereotyping and prejudice against individuals or groups because of their age.[1]
"My boss ... looks for specifically younger people because they're cheaper," one IT worker told the Employers Forum on Age.
BBC news: http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/2975754.stm
3. Disablism
It is used to describe inherent discrimination against people with disabilities in favor of people who are not disabled. An ableist society is said to be one that treats non-disabled individuals as the standard of ‘normal living’, which results in public and private places and services, education, and social work that are built to serve 'standard' people, thereby inherently excluding those with various disabilities.
Articles on disablism: http://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/ouch/200705/b
Lookism is discrimination against or prejudice towards others based on their appearance. The term is not in widespread use, though it appears in major English-language dictionaries.[1]
Lookism relates to preconceived notions of beauty and cultural stereotyping based on appearance as well as gender roles and expectations. Important economic considerations include the question of income gaps based on looks, as well increased or decreased productivity from workers considered beautiful or ugly by their co-workers.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gender_role
2. Ageism
Ageism is stereotyping and prejudice against individuals or groups because of their age.[1]
"My boss ... looks for specifically younger people because they're cheaper," one IT worker told the Employers Forum on Age.
BBC news: http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/2975754.stm
3. Disablism
It is used to describe inherent discrimination against people with disabilities in favor of people who are not disabled. An ableist society is said to be one that treats non-disabled individuals as the standard of ‘normal living’, which results in public and private places and services, education, and social work that are built to serve 'standard' people, thereby inherently excluding those with various disabilities.
Articles on disablism: http://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/ouch/200705/b
logging_against_disablism_200_1.shtml
4. Discrimination against Foreigners. (xenophobia)
4.1 As with all phobias, a xenophobic person is aware of the fear, and therefore has to believe at some level that the target is in fact a foreigner. This arguably separates xenophobia from racism and ordinary prejudice in that someone of a different race does not necessarily have to be of a different nationality.
4.2 Additionally, in the world of science fiction, xenophobia may refer to a fear or hatred of extraterrestrial cultures or beings.
Example
Xenophobia in Japan
From 1641 to 1853 Japan had a policy of exclusion of virtually all foreigners (not merely an avoidance of foreign relations), known as 'national closure' (sakoku 鎖国). In the early 19th century Mito scholars (水戸学者) advocated jōi (攘夷), the forceful expulsion of 'barbarians', though almost none existed there. By the middle of the 19th century, with outside pressure mounting, some Japanese scholars and leaders tied 'Western Learning' and 'Nativist Studies' (kokugaku 国学) toward the project of nation building.[2] Nihonjinron, a widely popular type of nonfiction literature emerging in the second half of the 20th century, has been described as xenophobic.[3], though most of the works in the genre cannot by any description be so defined.
Currently, the only legal protection foreign citizens enjoy from xenophobic practices is Article 14 of the Constitution, which states: 'all of the people shall be equal under the law,and there shall be no discrimination in political, economic, or social relations because of race, creed, sex, social status or family origin[...]'. Japan ratified the ICERD in 1995, but has failed to enact appropriate legislation as directed by Article 2b, simultaneously using 'freedom of expression' rights as a shield against the stipulations of Article 4a and b. The 2006 report by the UN Special Rapporteur for Racial Discrimination, Doudou Diène, was highly critical of current Japanese xenophobia and on-going discriminatory practices, which include difficulties in access to housing, accommodation (hotels) and other commercial establishments open to the public (spas, bars, night-clubs, restaurants and others) based on physical appearance and myth, and bullying at school of foreign-looking children.[4] The current Japanese word for xenophobia -外国人恐怖症, (gaikokujin kyoufu shou, lit. 'Foreigner fear condition') - interprets it as if it were a medical condition, revealing a lack of proper understanding of the concept.
4. Discrimination against Foreigners. (xenophobia)
4.1 As with all phobias, a xenophobic person is aware of the fear, and therefore has to believe at some level that the target is in fact a foreigner. This arguably separates xenophobia from racism and ordinary prejudice in that someone of a different race does not necessarily have to be of a different nationality.
4.2 Additionally, in the world of science fiction, xenophobia may refer to a fear or hatred of extraterrestrial cultures or beings.
Example
Xenophobia in Japan
From 1641 to 1853 Japan had a policy of exclusion of virtually all foreigners (not merely an avoidance of foreign relations), known as 'national closure' (sakoku 鎖国). In the early 19th century Mito scholars (水戸学者) advocated jōi (攘夷), the forceful expulsion of 'barbarians', though almost none existed there. By the middle of the 19th century, with outside pressure mounting, some Japanese scholars and leaders tied 'Western Learning' and 'Nativist Studies' (kokugaku 国学) toward the project of nation building.[2] Nihonjinron, a widely popular type of nonfiction literature emerging in the second half of the 20th century, has been described as xenophobic.[3], though most of the works in the genre cannot by any description be so defined.
Currently, the only legal protection foreign citizens enjoy from xenophobic practices is Article 14 of the Constitution, which states: 'all of the people shall be equal under the law,and there shall be no discrimination in political, economic, or social relations because of race, creed, sex, social status or family origin[...]'. Japan ratified the ICERD in 1995, but has failed to enact appropriate legislation as directed by Article 2b, simultaneously using 'freedom of expression' rights as a shield against the stipulations of Article 4a and b. The 2006 report by the UN Special Rapporteur for Racial Discrimination, Doudou Diène, was highly critical of current Japanese xenophobia and on-going discriminatory practices, which include difficulties in access to housing, accommodation (hotels) and other commercial establishments open to the public (spas, bars, night-clubs, restaurants and others) based on physical appearance and myth, and bullying at school of foreign-looking children.[4] The current Japanese word for xenophobia -外国人恐怖症, (gaikokujin kyoufu shou, lit. 'Foreigner fear condition') - interprets it as if it were a medical condition, revealing a lack of proper understanding of the concept.
White supremacism
a racist paradigm based on the assertion that white people are superior to other races. The term is sometimes used specifically to describe a political ideology that advocates social and political dominance for whites.
White supremacy, as with supremacism in general, is rooted in ethnocentrism and a desire for hegemony. It contains varying degrees of racism and xenophobia. White supremacy is often associated with ethnic cleansing and racial separation.
White supremacy has often resulted in anti-black racism and anti-Semitism, although it has also involved prejudice and discrimination against a wide variety of "non-white" groups, including Arabs and the various Asian peoples.
Not all white supremacist organizations agree on which group is the greatest enemy. However, many white supremacists consider Jews to be the gravest threat to their cause, and accuse them of manipulating other minority groups for their own gain.
A bigot is a prejudiced person who is intolerant of opinions, lifestyles, or identities differing from his or her own. Bigot is often used as a pejorative (belittling) term against a person who is obstinately devoted to prejudices even when these views are challenged or proven to be false.
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